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© USGS Astrogeology Research Program

Mariner 1 & 2: July 22 & August 27, 1962, Venus
Mariner 3 & 4: November 5 & 28, 1964, Mars
Mariner 5: June 4, 1967, Venus
Mariner 6 & 7: February 24 & March 27, 1969, Mars
Mariner 8 & 9: May 8 & 30, 1971, Mars
Mariner 10: November 3, 1973, Venus & Mercury

From 1962 to 1973, ten planetary spacecraft were launched under the name Mariner, targeting our neighbors, the inner planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars. There were six missions, most missions launching a pair of Mariner spacecrafts a few months apart. Of the ten launched Magellan spacecrafts, seven were successful in their missions, and three were lost due to launch vehicle failures.

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© NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Mariner 2 was the world's first successful interplanetary spacecraft. Launched August 27, 1962, on an Atlas-Agena rocket, Mariner 2 passed within about 34,000 kilometers (21,000 miles) of Venus, sending back valuable new information about interplanetary space and the Venusian atmosphere. Mariner 2 recorded the temperature at Venus for the first time, revealing the planet's very hot atmosphere of about 500 degrees Celsius (900 degrees Fahrenheit). The spacecraft's solar wind experiment measured for the first time the density, velocity, composition and variation over time of the solar wind.
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Mariner 2 was the world's first successful interplanetary spacecraft.
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Venus
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